Vaccine development is the process of creating vaccines, which are biological preparations that provide immunity against specific diseases. This process typically involves several stages, including research, preclinical testing, clinical trials, and regulatory approval. Vaccine development begins with the understanding of the pathogen (such as a virus or bacteria) responsible for the disease and identifying target antigens that can trigger an immune response.
In the research phase, scientists explore different types of vaccines, such as live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, or mRNA vaccines. Preclinical testing usually takes place in laboratories and involves experiments on cell cultures and animal models to assess safety and efficacy. Once a candidate vaccine shows promise, it progresses to clinical trials, which are conducted in three phases with increasing numbers of human participants to evaluate safety, immunogenicity, and overall effectiveness.
If successful, the vaccine is submitted for review and approval by regulatory agencies, after which it can be manufactured at scale and distributed for public use. Vaccine development is crucial for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, contributing to public health and safety worldwide.
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